https://doi.org/10.4081/idhm.2026.426
Plant-derived antimicrobial agents in the prevention and management of infectious diseases: a comprehensive review
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Accepted: 1 July 2026
Published: 1 October 2026
Infectious diseases remain among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite remarkable advances in modern medicine. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the re-emergence of previously controlled pathogens, and the appearance of novel infectious agents have intensified the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Medicinal plants have historically served as valuable sources of antimicrobial compounds and continue to contribute significantly to contemporary drug discovery. Numerous plant-derived metabolites exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and immunomodulatory activities that may support the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
This review examines the role of plant-based antimicrobial agents in infectious disease management, emphasizing their pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Relevant studies focusing on medicinal plants with documented antimicrobial activity were evaluated and synthesized. Particular attention was given to garlic (Allium sativum), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), Pelargonium species, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), Artemisia annua, and other botanicals with demonstrated clinical or experimental efficacy.
The reviewed evidence indicates that plant-derived compounds exert antimicrobial effects through multiple mechanisms, including disruption of microbial cell membranes, inhibition of pathogen replication, modulation of host immune responses, and suppression of microbial virulence factors. Several phytochemicals also demonstrate synergistic interactions with conventional antimicrobial agents, suggesting potential applications in combating antimicrobial resistance. However, variability in phytochemical composition, limited clinical trials, and concerns regarding standardization remain important challenges.
In conclusion, medicinal plants represent a promising resource for the development of novel antimicrobial therapies and complementary treatment strategies. Continued research focusing on efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical validation is essential to facilitate the integration of plant-derived therapeutics into evidence-based infectious disease management and global public health practice.
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